Thermal fatigue is a phenomenon in materials science and engineering where repeated heating and cooling cycles cause fatigue in a material. This can lead to the development of cracks, distortions, and ultimately failure of the material under thermal cycling conditions. Thermal fatigue is a common issue in components exposed to varying temperatures, such as in industrial equipment, power plants, and electronic devices. Research in thermal fatigue aims to better understand the mechanisms and factors influencing the fatigue behavior of materials under thermal loading, and develop strategies to mitigate the effects of thermal fatigue to improve the reliability and durability of materials and components.